[Solution]How does Richard D. Lavoie define and explain fairness in the classroom?

Lavoie believes that when it comes to procedural fairness there should be a set of consistent rules and regulations established within the classroom so all students understand what is expected of them. These rules should be clearly communicated to each student prior to instruction beginning as well as at any point during class where new expectations arise. If a student does not follow these rules, Lavoie recommends implementing logical consequences or rewards for their behavior in order for them to learn from their mistakes and develop better problem-solving skills should a similar situation arise again. This helps ensure that no one student feels slighted because they were treated differently than another due to arbitrary decision making on behalf of the instructor or staff member involved with teaching them.

When it comes to substantive fairness, Lavoie notes that this entails creating an equitable learning environment for all students regardless of their background or personal circumstances; whether it relates to race, gender, sexual orientation etc., everyone should have access to quality education without being unfairly judged or deprived opportunities based on unchangeable aspects such as these (or even more arbitrary factors). To achieve substantive fairness he suggests instructors adhere strictly but fairly evaluate objectives based work completed by each student using objective measurements such as standardized tests, rubrics etc., rather than relying solely on subjective opinions which can often be biased towards certain individuals who may have other advantages over others (such as coming from more privileged backgrounds). Additionally he emphasizes how important it is for educators to take time get know each student better before making assumptions about their ability level so they can provide targeted support whenever needed rather than leaving out some students who may not appear naturally gifted at any given task/subject matter compared with other classmates but still require assistance achieving success in order gain mastery over said material being taught in class.

Overall Richard D Lavoie makes clear his belief that both procedural & substantive fair practices need be implemented consistently throughout educational settings if we want our classrooms become safe havens for learning where everyone can grow into productive members of society based upon merit & measurable successes achieved through hard work rather than predetermined notions related social standing outside school walls .