[Solution]Provide a brief summary of why the Second Vatican Council was called in the mid-Twentieth Century.

Prior to its convening, many members of the Church felt that there were problems with doctrine, liturgy, pastoral care, and communication between different factions within Catholicism. There were also concerns about how Rome related to other Christian denominations as well as non-Christian faiths around the world. It was these issues which Pope John XXIII hoped to address through the council meetings.

At Vatican II there were four major topics discussed: liturgy (how Mass is celebrated), ecumenism (interfaith dialogue), religious freedom (including how minorities are treated), and collegiality (the relationship between bishops and pope). Each topic had several documents written on them which would go on to form part of official church teaching after being approved by both Pope Paul VI who succeeded John XXIII in 1963 and then ratified by an overwhelming majority vote at Vatican II itself later in 1965.

Vatican II opened up conversations about theological reforms such as allowing for more active participation from laity during mass; increased openness towards other religions; stronger rights for minority groups; a greater role for episcopal conferences rather than just relying solely on papal authority; a shift away from Latin towards languages used locally throughout different areas; emphasis placed upon using scripture more regularly in sermons rather than relying solely upon tradition; recognition of human dignity regardless of religious belief or background – all this combined has been referred to sometimes collectively as ‘aggiornamento’ – Italian for ‘update’ or modernization.

In conclusion, it can be said that Vatican II brought with it many changes within Catholicism that enabled it remain relevant despite changing times while still upholding its traditional beliefs and values at heart. The effects of this council continue even into today’s world where Catholics can witness changes implemented by those inspired by what happened back in 1965 when all eyes turned towards Rome hoping for reform – something which many believe has been achieved thanks largely due to their efforts then made during those crucial meetings over fifty years ago now!